Why is upgrading to any macOS release except Mojave impossible after a disc change?

Why is upgrading to any macOS release except Mojave impossible after a disc change?
I’ve recently encountered a perplexing issue. After upgrading the hard drive on my Mac, I find that I can’t upgrade to any macOS release except Mojave. This problem has been incredibly frustrating as it severely restricts me from taking advantage of the latest macOS features and security updates. Every time I attempt the upgrade process, I am met with various errors or the system simply refuses to proceed beyond Mojave. This issue persists despite following all the usual troubleshooting steps, such as ensuring the integrity of my new hard drive and performing clean installations. Does anyone else have this problem, and what could be causing the upgrade path to be blocked in this way?